Bowel Cancer
Overview
Bowel cancer is a general term for cancer that begins in the large bowel, which includes the colon and rectum. Depending on where it starts, it may be called colon cancer or rectal cancer. Cancer can also develop in the small bowel (small intestine), but this is much less common.
Bowel cancer is among the most common types of cancer, particularly in older adults. It often develops from small growths called polyps that form on the inner lining of the bowel. Detecting and removing these polyps early through screening can help prevent bowel cancer or find it at an early, more treatable stage.
Signs & Symptoms
Bowel cancer symptoms can vary and may be subtle, especially in the early stages. Many of these symptoms are caused by conditions other than cancer, but it's important to talk with your doctor if they persist or change over time.
Common signs and symptoms may include:
- Blood in the stool (feces), with or without other symptoms such as pain or discomfort
- A persistent change in bowel habits, such as going to the toilet more often or having looser stools
- Abdominal pain, bloating, or discomfort that is often triggered by eating
- Unexplained weight loss or a loss of appetite
- A feeling that the bowel does not empty completely
- Fatigue or weakness caused by anemia
These symptoms are more common in people over age 60 and become more significant if they continue despite simple treatments.
Causes
Bowel cancer usually develops from small growths called polyps that form on the inner lining of the bowel. While most polyps are harmless, some can slowly become cancerous over time.
The exact cause of these changes is not fully understood, but factors such as age, genetics, diet, and lifestyle may play a role in increasing risk.
Risk Factors
The exact cause of bowel cancer is not known, but several factors can increase risk. Having one or more of these does not mean you will develop the disease, but awareness and regular screening are important.
- Age: Most cases occur in people aged 60 or older.
- Diet: A diet high in red or processed meat and low in fiber may increase the risk of bowel cancer.
- Weight: Being overweight or obese is linked to a higher risk.
- Physical inactivity: A lack of regular exercise may contribute to bowel cancer development.
- Alcohol and smoking: Heavy alcohol use and smoking both raise the risk of bowel cancer.
- Family history: Having a close relative diagnosed with bowel cancer before age 50 increases lifetime risk.
- Inflammatory bowel disease: Long-term conditions such as ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease can increase risk.
- Personal history of colorectal polyps: Especially adenomatous polyps, which can sometimes develop into cancer.
Treatments & Services
Treatment Options
Treatment for bowel cancer depends on the stage of the disease, where it develops in the bowel, and overall health. Common treatment options include:
Services Options
Supportive care services help patients manage side effects, maintain strength, and access emotional and practical support throughout treatment and recovery. These services may include:
Find Care
If you’ve been diagnosed with bowel cancer or are experiencing symptoms, connecting with a specialist is an important next step. Find a provider or location near you to learn more about diagnosis, treatment options, and ongoing support.
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