Cervical Cancer
Overview
Cervical cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the cervix, the lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina. Most cases are caused by human papillomavirus (HPV), a common sexually transmitted infection. While most HPV infections clear on their own, some can persist and lead to precancerous changes or cervical cancer over time.
Regular screening through Pap tests and HPV testing can detect abnormal cell changes early, often before cancer develops. When found and treated at an early stage, cervical cancer can often be successfully managed.
Cervical cancer is one of the most common cancers in women worldwide, but routine screening and HPV vaccination have significantly reduced rates in the United States. Early detection and preventive care remain key to improving outcomes and reducing risk.
Signs & Symptoms
Early-stage cervical cancer often causes no symptoms, which is why regular screening is so important. As the disease progresses, symptoms may become more noticeable. Common signs and symptoms may include:
- Vaginal bleeding after intercourse, between periods, or after menopause
- Unusual vaginal discharge that may be watery, bloody, or have a foul odor
- Pelvic pain or discomfort
- Pain during sexual intercourse
These symptoms can also be caused by conditions other than cancer, but if they persist or worsen, it's important to speak with your doctor for evaluation.
Causes
Cervical cancer begins when healthy cells in the cervix develop changes in their DNA. Normally, cells grow and divide in a controlled way, but in cervical cancer, these changes cause cells to grow uncontrollably and form a tumor. Over time, cancer cells can invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body.
While the exact cause is not fully understood, infection with human papillomavirus (HPV) plays a major role in most cases. HPV is very common, and most people with the virus never develop cancer. This suggests that other factors, such as genetics, environment, and lifestyle, may also influence whether HPV leads to cervical cancer.
Risk Factors
Several factors can increase the risk of developing cervical cancer, especially when combined with an HPV infection.
- Multiple sexual partners: Having many sexual partners, or having a partner with multiple partners, increases the chance of HPV exposure.
- Early sexual activity: Becoming sexually active at a young age raises the likelihood of HPV infection.
- Other sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, or HIV can increase the risk of developing cervical cancer.
- Weakened immune system: A weakened immune system, whether from illness or medication, can make it harder for the body to clear HPV infections.
- Smoking: Smoking is linked to a higher risk of squamous cell cervical cancer.
- Exposure to diethylstilbestrol (DES): Women whose mothers took DES during pregnancy in the 1950s have an increased risk of a rare type of cervical cancer called clear cell adenocarcinoma.
Two Types of Cervical Cancer
There are two main types cervical cancer and the type helps determine treatment and prognosis. In some cases, both cell types are involved. Very rarely, cervical cancer can develop in other types of cells within the cervix.
This type begins in the thin, flat cells (squamous cells) that line the outer surface of the cervix and extend into the vagina. It is the most common form of cervical cancer.
This type develops in the glandular cells that line the cervical canal. These cells produce mucus and other fluids.
Prevention
Cervical cancer is one of the most preventable cancers through vaccination, screening, and healthy lifestyle choices.
The HPV vaccine helps protect against the virus that causes most cervical cancers. Talk with your doctor to see if it’s recommended for you.
Routine screening can detect precancerous changes in cervical cells early, when treatment is most effective. Most experts recommend starting Pap tests at age 21 and repeating them every few years.
Using condoms and limiting the number of sexual partners can lower the risk of HPV and other sexually transmitted infections.
Smoking increases the risk of cervical and other cancers. If you smoke, talk with your doctor about ways to quit.
Treatments & Services
Treatment Options
Treatment for cervical cancer depends on the stage of the disease, overall health, and personal preferences. Common approaches aim to remove or destroy cancer cells and prevent the disease from spreading.
Services Options
Supportive care services focus on improving comfort, managing side effects, and helping patients and families navigate care before, during, and after treatment.
Find Care
If you’ve been diagnosed with cervical cancer or are experiencing symptoms, connecting with a specialist is an important next step. Find a provider or location near you to learn more about diagnosis, treatment options, and ongoing support.
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