Esophageal Cancer
Overview
Esophageal cancer begins in the esophagus, the long, hollow tube that carries food and liquids from the throat to the stomach. Although relatively rare in the United States, accounting for about 1% of all cancer diagnoses, it is more common in men and occurs most often in people over age 65.
Esophageal cancer develops when cells in the lining of the esophagus change and begin to grow uncontrollably, forming a tumor that can occur anywhere along the esophagus. Over time, these cancerous cells can invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body.
Signs & Symptoms
Early-stage esophageal cancer often causes no symptoms. As the disease progresses, symptoms may become more noticeable and affect eating or digestion.
Common signs and symptoms may include:
- Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
- Unintentional weight loss
- Chest pain, pressure, or burning
- Worsening indigestion or heartburn
- Persistent coughing or hoarseness
If you experience ongoing swallowing difficulties or unexplained weight loss, it's important to talk with your doctor.
Causes
The exact cause of esophageal cancer is not fully understood. It begins when cells in the lining of the esophagus develop changes in their DNA that cause them to grow and divide uncontrollably. Over time, these abnormal cells can form a tumor that may invade nearby tissues or spread to other parts of the body.
Risk Factors
Having one or more risk factors does not mean you will develop esophageal cancer, but awareness can help with prevention and early detection. Chronic irritation of the esophagus is thought to contribute to the DNA changes that can lead to this cancer.
Common risk factors include:
- Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): Ongoing acid reflux can damage the lining of the esophagus over time.
- Barrett's esophagus: A precancerous condition in which cells in the lower esophagus change due to chronic reflux.
- Tobacco use: Smoking or using other tobacco products increases risk.
- Alcohol use: Heavy drinking raises the likelihood of developing esophageal cancer.
- Obesity: Excess body weight contributes to acid reflux and hormonal changes that can increase risk.
- Diet low in fruits and vegetables: Limited intake of plant-based foods may increase susceptibility.
- Drinking very hot liquids: Regularly consuming extremely hot beverages may damage the lining of the esophagus.
- Achalasia: A rare condition where the lower esophageal sphincter fails to relax, making swallowing difficult.
- Previous radiation therapy: Radiation to the chest or upper abdomen can slightly raise risk.
- Age and gender: Esophageal cancer is more common in men and those over age 65.
Two Types of Esophageal Cancer
Adenocarcinoma, which starts in the mucus-secreting glands of the lower esophagus and is the most common type in the U.S.
Squamous cell carcinoma, which develops in the thin, flat cells lining the upper and middle parts of the esophagus and is more common worldwide.
Prevention
While not all cases of esophageal cancer can be prevented, healthy habits can help lower risk and support overall digestive health.
If you smoke, talk with your doctor about strategies and support to help you quit. Avoid using any tobacco products.
Drink alcohol in moderation, if at all. For adults who choose to drink, limit intake to one drink per day for women and two for men.
Include plenty of colorful fruits and vegetables in your daily meals to help protect the lining of the esophagus.
Excess weight increases pressure in the abdomen and risk of acid reflux. A balanced diet and regular exercise can help you reach and maintain a healthy weight.
Treatments & Services
Treatment Options
Treatment for esophageal cancer depends on the stage of the disease, overall health, and where the cancer is located. Care may include one or more of the following options to remove or destroy cancer cells and prevent the disease from spreading.
Services Options
Supportive care services help patients manage side effects, maintain strength, and navigate every step of their cancer journey. These services are designed to improve comfort, promote recovery, and support emotional well-being.
Find Care
If you’ve been diagnosed with esophageal cancer or are experiencing symptoms, connecting with a specialist is an important next step. Find a provider or location near you to learn more about diagnosis, treatment options, and ongoing support.
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