Thymus Cancer
Overview
Thymus cancer is a rare disease that begins in the thymus, a small gland located behind the breastbone that plays an important role in the immune system during childhood and adolescence. The two main types of thymus cancer are thymoma and thymic carcinoma, which develop from the gland's epithelial cells and behave differently in terms of growth and spread. While other cancers such as lymphomas, germ cell tumors and neuroendocrine tumors can also involve the thymus, thymoma and thymic carcinoma are considered the primary thymic cancers.
Because early symptoms can be subtle or absent, thymus cancers are often found during imaging for another condition. Early evaluation and specialized care are important for determining the right treatment approach.
Signs & Symptoms
Thymus cancer can cause a range of symptoms depending on the size and location of the tumor. Some people have noticeable changes, while others have no symptoms and are diagnosed during imaging for an unrelated issue or when being evaluated for conditions such as myasthenia gravis. Common symptoms may include:
- Chest pain or pressure
- A persistent cough, sometimes with blood
- Shortness of breath or wheezing
- Difficulty swallowing
- A hoarse or changing voice
- Fatigue and swelling in the face and neck
Because these symptoms can overlap with many other conditions, it is important to seek medical evaluation if they persist or worsen. Early assessment can help determine the cause and guide next steps in care.
Imaging Tests
Diagnosing thymus cancer often starts with your primary care provider, who may refer you to a specialist if your symptoms or exam raise concern. A specialist will review your medical history, perform a physical exam, and recommend imaging or biopsy procedures to confirm a diagnosis.
A simple imaging test that provides an initial look at the thymus area. It can show a mass or widening in the chest that may suggest a thymic tumor.
A CT scan uses multiple X-rays to create a detailed 3D image of the chest. It helps identify the size and location of the tumor and whether it is affecting nearby structures. You may receive contrast dye to improve visibility.
An MRI uses magnetic fields to produce detailed images of the chest. It is especially helpful for evaluating whether the tumor involves nearby organs or blood vessels. Some people receive contrast dye to enhance the images.
This combined scan shows both anatomy and metabolic activity. After a small amount of radioactive tracer is injected, the scan highlights areas of active cancer. PET/CT is often used to see if the cancer has spread or to better define the stage.
Biopsy and Additional Tests
Imaging may strongly suggest thymus cancer, but a biopsy is often needed to confirm the diagnosis. Tissue samples are reviewed by a pathologist to determine the tumor type.
A local anesthetic is used to numb the area, and a needle is guided into the tumor using CT imaging to collect tissue samples.
If a needle biopsy is not possible, a small surgical procedure under general anesthesia may be done. A scope is inserted through a small incision above the breastbone to view the thymus and take biopsies.
A minimally invasive procedure that uses small incisions and a camera to access the thymus and nearby tissues. It may require a brief hospital stay and temporary chest drain.
Staging Thymus Cancer
Staging describes how far the cancer has grown or spread. The stage helps guide treatment recommendations and provides important information about prognosis.
| Stage | Description of Stage |
|---|---|
| Stage 1 | The tumor is contained within the thymus and has not spread beyond the gland |
| Stage 2 | The cancer has grown through the thymus capsule or into nearby fatty tissue but has not invaded nearby organs |
| Stage 3 | The tumor has spread into nearby organs such as the lungs, the lining around the heart (pericardium), or major blood vessels in the chest |
| Stage 4A | The cancer has spread more extensively within the chest, including the lining of the lungs (pleura) or the pericardium |
| Stage 4B | The cancer has spread to distant areas of the body, such as the liver or other organs |
Treatments & Services
Treatment Options
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If you have been diagnosed with thymus cancer or are experiencing symptoms, our team is here to help. We connect you with specialists experienced in rare and complex cancers, coordinate advanced diagnostic testing, and guide you through personalized treatment options. Reaching out early ensures you receive timely support and the most effective care possible.
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