Vulvar Cancer
Overview
Vulvar cancer is a rare cancer that develops on the outer tissues of the female genital area, including the labia and clitoris. It often begins as a persistent lump, sore, or area of irritation on the vulva. While vulvar cancer can occur at any age, it is diagnosed most often in older adults. Treatment typically involves surgery to remove the cancer, and early detection can help limit how much tissue needs to be removed.
Signs & Symptoms
Vulvar cancer can cause changes that are easy to overlook at first. Common signs and symptoms may include:
- Persistent itching or irritation that does not go away
- Pain, burning, or tenderness in the vulvar area
- Bleeding or spotting that is not related to menstruation
- Skin changes, such as discoloration, thickening, or a roughened patch
- A lump, growth, wart-like bump, or open sore that does not heal
These symptoms can be caused by many noncancerous conditions, but it is important to talk with your provider if they last longer than a few weeks.
Causes
The exact cause of vulvar cancer is not fully understood. Like many cancers, it begins when cells in the vulvar tissue develop genetic changes that allow them to grow and divide more quickly than they should. These abnormal cells can form a tumor, invade nearby tissue, and sometimes spread to other parts of the body.
Vulvar cancer is rare and occurs most often in women over age 60, though it can affect younger women as well. It can develop on any part of the external genital area, including the labia, clitoris, Bartholin glands, or perineum.
Types of Vulvar Cancer
Vulvar cancers are classified by the type of cell where the cancer begins. The main types include
The most common type, making up about 90 percent of cases. It develops in the thin, flat cells that line the surface of the vulva and often arises from precancerous changes that develop slowly over many years. This type of vulvar cancer is also strongly associated with certain strains of the human papillomavirus (HPV).
A much less common type that begins in pigment-producing cells. It may appear as a dark spot or patch on the vulva.
A rare, very slow-growing form of squamous cell carcinoma that often resembles a large wart.
A rare cancer that starts in glandular cells found within the vulvar skin, including the Bartholin glands.
An uncommon, slow-growing type that arises from the deeper layers of the vulvar skin. It very rarely spreads.
Extremely rare tumors that develop in the connective tissues beneath the skin, such as muscle or fat.
Treatments & Services
Treatment Options
Treatment for vulvar cancer depends on the type of cancer, its stage, and your overall health. Most often, the primary treatment is surgery to remove the cancer and a small margin of surrounding healthy tissue. When detected early, surgery is usually less extensive. Your care team may also recommend:
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If you have symptoms or concerns related to vulvar cancer, our specialists are here to help. We offer comprehensive evaluation, individualized treatment planning, and supportive services throughout your care journey. Contact us to schedule an appointment or request a consultation.
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