All Cancers & Diseases

Lymphoma is a type of blood cancer that affects the lymphatic system, a vital part of the immune system that helps protect the body from infection and disease. The lymphatic system includes the lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow.Lymphoma develops when lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, begin to grow and multiply abnormally. These cells live longer than they should, which can crowd out healthy immune cells and weaken the body's ability to fight infection.There are two main types of lymphoma:Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL)Hodgkin lymphoma (formerly called Hodgkin disease)The main difference between the two is the type of lymphocyte involved. Hodgkin lymphoma is defined by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells, a specific type of abnormal B cell seen under a microscope. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma includes a broader group of blood cancers that can start in B cells or T cells and often behave differently in how quickly they grow or respond to treatment.

Mesothelioma is a rare and aggressive cancer that develops in the mesothelium, the thin protective lining that covers many of the body's internal organs. It most often forms in the tissue surrounding the lungs, known as the pleura, which is called pleural mesothelioma. Less commonly, it can occur in the lining of the abdomen (peritoneal mesothelioma) or, very rarely, around the heart or testicles.Although treatment options continue to advance, mesothelioma is often diagnosed at a later stage and can be challenging to cure. Early evaluation and a coordinated care approach are important for managing symptoms, improving quality of life, and determining the most effective treatment plan.

Myeloma, most often referred to as multiple myeloma, is an uncommon type of blood cancer that begins in plasma cells, a form of white blood cell found in the bone marrow. Plasma cells normally produce antibodies that help the body fight infection, but in multiple myeloma, abnormal plasma cells grow uncontrollably and crowd out healthy blood cells. These malignant cells often produce an abnormal antibody called M protein, which is a hallmark of the disease and can contribute to kidney problems and other complications. This disruption can lead to bone damage, anemia, and a weakened immune system.As myeloma progresses, abnormal plasma cells may form tumors within the bones, causing pain, fractures, or other complications.

Oral cancer is a type of head and neck cancer that develops in the tissues of the mouth. It can form on the lips, tongue, gums, inner cheeks, the roof or floor of the mouth, or the area just behind the wisdom teeth. While oral cancer can affect anyone, it is more common in people who use tobacco or alcohol, have prolonged sun exposure to the lips, or have certain viral infections such as HPV.Early detection significantly improves outcomes, but oral cancer is often found at a later stage because early changes can be subtle. Regular dental checkups, self-exams, and prompt evaluation of any new or persistent changes in the mouth are important steps in catching oral cancer early.

Osteoarthritis is the most common type of arthritis and occurs when the cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones gradually wears down. This protective cartilage helps joints move smoothly, so when it becomes thinner or damaged, bones can rub against each other and cause pain, stiffness, and swelling.Osteoarthritis can affect any joint, but it most often involves the hands, knees, hips, and spine. Symptoms tend to develop slowly and may worsen over time.While joint damage cannot be reversed, many people are able to effectively manage symptoms. Staying active, maintaining a healthy weight, and working with your care team to explore treatment options can help reduce pain, improve mobility, and support long-term joint function.If joint pain from osteoarthritis is making daily activities more difficult, there are safe and proven treatment options beyond medication and injections. Low-Dose Radiation Therapy (LD-RT) is a noninvasive approach that targets inflammation and helps reduce pain without surgery or downtime.

Ovarian cancer begins when abnormal cells in the ovaries grow and divide more quickly than they should, forming a tumor that can spread to nearby tissues or other areas of the body. The ovaries are two small, almond-shaped organs located on each side of the uterus. They produce eggs as well as the hormones estrogen and progesterone.Ovarian cancer can be challenging to detect early because symptoms are often subtle or mistaken for other conditions. When it is found at an early stage, outcomes are significantly more favorable. Treatment usually includes surgery, chemotherapy, and other targeted approaches depending on the specific type and stage of disease.

Pancreatic cancer begins in the pancreas, an organ behind the stomach that helps with digestion and blood sugar regulation. Most cases start in the ductal cells that carry digestive enzymes out of the pancreas, known as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.Because early pancreatic cancer rarely causes symptoms, it is often diagnosed at a later stage. When detected, treatment depends on the cancer's location and extent and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or a combination of these options.

Penile cancer is a rare disease that begins in the skin or tissues of the penis. Most cases start in the cells that line the skin of the penis and may first appear as subtle skin changes that can easily be mistaken for benign conditions. Early detection is very important, since penile cancer is most treatable in its earliest stages. Penile cancer is not infectious and does not run in families.

Primary peritoneal cancer is a rare cancer that starts in the peritoneum, the thin membrane that lines the inside of the abdomen and covers organs like the stomach, liver, and intestines. Because the peritoneum and the surface of the ovaries are made of the same type of cells, this cancer closely resembles epithelial ovarian cancer and is treated the same way. It occurs almost exclusively in women, is more common as people age, and is often diagnosed after ovarian cancer has been ruled out. A separate and less common cancer that affects this lining is peritoneal mesothelioma, which is typically linked to asbestos exposure.

Prostate cancer begins in the prostate, a small gland below the bladder that produces seminal fluid. It is one of the most common cancers in men, especially those over age 50. Many prostate cancers grow slowly and remain confined to the gland, while others are more aggressive and can spread to nearby tissues or distant parts of the body.Because early prostate cancer often causes no symptoms, many cases are found during routine screening or evaluation for other urinary concerns. When detected early and still limited to the prostate, prostate cancer is highly treatable. Understanding the type and growth pattern of the cancer helps guide the best approach to care.